ABSTRACT
As the representative volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons detected in wastewater, the removal of composite chlorinated ethenes is a major challenge in wastewater treatment. In the present study, an efficient removal system for composite chlorinated ethenes was reported, in which gallic acid was used to enhance the activation of persulfate by Fe/Ni nanoparticles. The influences of gallic acid-Fe/Ni and persulfate concentrations, initial pH value, reaction temperature, inorganic anions, and natural organic matters were evaluated in the composite chlorinated ethenes removal. Our results showed that the gallic acid-Fe/Ni-persulfate system with 9.0 mM of gallic acid-Fe/Ni and 30.0 mM of persulfate yielded about 100% trichloroethylene removal and 97.3%-98.6% perchloroethylene removal in the pH range of 3.0-12.0. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and radical quenching experiments indicated that SO4â¢- and â¢OH were the predominant radical species under acidic and alkaline conditions. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer tests revealed the Fe-gallic acid chelation could regulate the concentration of iron ions and improve the reactivity of gallic acid-Fe/Ni. These results demonstrated that the gallic acid-Fe/Ni-persulfate system was a promising strategy for treating composite chlorinated ethenes-containing wastewater.
Subject(s)
Ethylenes , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated , Nanoparticles , Trichloroethylene , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Wastewater , Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/chemistry , Trichloroethylene/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Oxidation-ReductionABSTRACT
The goal of the present study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of polysaccharides from Cyrtomium macrophyllum (CMP). Two experiments were carried out. In immunosuppression experiment, the immune-enhancing effect of CMP in immunosuppressive mice was performed. The results showed that CMP at high and medium doses was able to overcome the CY-induced immunosuppression, significantly increases the thymus and spleen indices, enhances lymphocyte proliferation activity and macrophage function, improves immunoglobulin and cytokines levels compared with negative control group. In macrophage immunomodulatory experiment, the immune-enhancing effect of CMP in RAW264.7 cells was measured. The results showed that CMP induced the elevation of NO production, TNF-α secretion and iNOS protein of RAW264.7 cells. CMP can also strongly increase NF-κB levels in nuclear, which is an important transcription factor that can modulate expressions of iNOS, NO and TNF-α. Therefore, the CMP could be an effective immunomodulatory agent.
Subject(s)
Ferns/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cytokines/blood , Cytokines/metabolism , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Immunoglobulin M/immunology , Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification , Immunophenotyping , Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects , Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Male , Mice , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Phagocytosis/immunology , Phenotype , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Polysaccharides/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyrtomium macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa has been traditionally used as a herbal medicine for the treatment of various infectious diseases such as tapeworm infestation, colds, and viral diseases. However, no systematic study of the immunity of Cyrtomium macrophyllum ethanol extracts (CM) has yet been reported. The present work evaluates these traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 120 male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups of 20 mice each: (1) normal group (sterile physiological saline), which served as a blank control; (2) model group (Cyclophosphamide, CY) group (sterile physiological saline), which served as a negative control; (3) low-dose CM (50 mg/kg BW); (4) intermediate-dose CM (100 mg/kg BW); (5) high-dose CM (200 mg/kg BW); (6) CM group (200 mg/kg BW). CY (0.2 ml) was administered via intraperitoneal injection. The other regimens were administered via gavage in 0.2 ml solution. Phytochemical of CM was characterized by HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap. The acute toxicity effect of the ethanol extract of Cyrtomium macrophyllum was also investigated. RESULTS: The spleen and thymus indices of mice receiving low, intermediate, and high doses of CM recovered more quickly than those of CY mice, and they did so in a dose-dependent manner. These mice also showed higher T cell and B cell proliferation responses and macrophage function than those of CY mice, and their serum levels of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ had become normal. In acute toxicity test, CM exhibited no mortality and behavioral changes in mice. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins to be the major compounds present in the extract, at 27.64%, 30.87%, and 11.22%, respectively. We found that 16 compounds were characterized by the interpretation of their mass spectra obtained by the MS/MS. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that Cyrtomium macrophyllum ethanol extract improved immune function in CY-treated mice.
